chapter 3. water and the fitness of the environment

Q. why is water the universal solvent?

Many compounds which we need them for our body are hydrophilic therefore it could dissolve into a water or blood so that it could fluid around our body and take place their functions.

Q. why is the hydrogen bond important for us?

Because of hydrogen bonding, the water molecule is able to appear its unique but important characteristics.

Q. what are the important characteristics of water?

Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat capacity, floating when it is solidified, ect.

5 main facts in this chapter


1. H2O has hydrogen bonds which are significantly important characteristic for biology and living things.

2. Its hydrogen bond as itself is nothing but when it gathers their power, it could have enough power to attract so many things therefore it could dissolve so many things into.

3. Water when it is ice form, it is floating. Because the hydrogen bond become stiff and its distance are further, its density gets lower. Since it floats, the sub-marine animals can consist their lives.

4. When our body has too much acid or base, the buffer active such as it starts balancing the pH level by accepting H+ when it is too much, or releasing H+ when it is too little.

5. pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm or the hydrogen ion concentration. A solution of pH 3 is not twice as acidic as a solution of pH 6 but a thousand times more acidic.



pH scale is telling me that how acidic it is. If a substance has many H+ in side, it will be less than 7 and getting closer to the zero. We should not forget the fact that one difference level of pH scale is not 1 more acidic; it is 10 times more acidic.

10 key terms
1. Cohesion is a phenomenon which the hydrogen bonds hold the substance together
2.Adhesion is the clinging of one substance to another, also plays a role.
3.Temperature is a measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules, regardless of volume.
4.Solution is a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
5.Solvent is the dissolving agent of a solution
6.Solute is the substance that is dissolved.
7.An aqueous solution is one in which water is the solvent.
8.Hydrophilic is any substance that has an affinity for water.
9.Hydrophobic is any substances that do not have affinity for water.
10.Buffer is substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution.

video - hydrogen bonding
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58Vn1dldevE

water is the very basic and familer substance since we are born. Water is not simply, we have to drink every day, it has more characteristic that we cannot ignore for consisting our lives. Water's hydrogen bonds make a unique and universal solvent.
Its cohesion, adhesion are so imortant to consist the plants served H2O into everywhere against the gravity. Also its hydrogen bond, it can dissolve a lot of compounds which are in our body or which we have to have into our body. water's significant solidifying characteristic also very important for the sub-marine animals and therefore we do not freeze to die. If the water did not have the hydrogen bonding significant, we are no longer to survive.
Now I understand why people look for the other planet's existance of water, it is because water is connected to the surviving living things.

Chapter 2. The chemical context of life

Q. what are Macro-elements and micro-elements? (definition and some examples)
- Macro-elements are the elements which our bodies required a lot of amount such as Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrongen ect. Micro-elements are the elemtns which our bodies need very small amount but still essential to have such as Boron, copper, silicon etc.

Q. what are the three medthods to bond two more more atomes?
- covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds.
the strongest bond amone them is covelnt

covalent > ionic > hyderogen

Q. tructures of atom?
- atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
More specific explanation will be with the diagram under.

5 main facts in this chapter

1. Isotopes especially radioactive isotope tries to give off particles and energy so it change into different element. We use this in many different way that we can guess the age of fossils etc.
2. Electron shell which is the average distance and energy level. When electron stays high electron shell has more potential energy. When electron absorbs energy it can move to higher electron shell and free to go back and forth by the energy level.
3. Covalent bond is the strongest because two atoms shared one or two electrons together; therefore they need to stay as close as they can.
4. Ionic bond is two different charge atoms attract each other and give off and get the electron so that they are stable and reach to the novel atom.
5. Hydrogen bond is weakest bond because it is used for the characteristic of little charged into a hydrogen atom and oxyzen so that two compound (H2O) attract each other. atom's structure

atom's structure
























- An atom has neutrons, protons and electrons. The atomic number is the number of how many protons in an atom and which will be the material to determine the name of elements. Protons are positive charged and electons are negatively charged;therefore the electrons are moving around the protons (nucleus) orbital.


ten ket terms
1.Element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.
2. Atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
3.Compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.
4. Atomic number: the number of protons, unique to that element.
5. Potential energy is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.
6. Valence electrons (outer electron): the chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on the number of electrons in its outermost shell (valence shell).
7. Chemical bonds: the interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions
8. Hydrogen bond forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.
9. Nonpolar covalent bond is the electrons are shared equally
10. Electronegativity is the attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

chemical bonds
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNWkUGE_jRE

This chapter is showing me how the life and chemical (chemistry) connected together. From the chapter 1, the level of biological organization, all the things are made of molecule and actually the group of atom is the molecule which is the smallest unit. The atom's structure and its characteristic make our life and it keeps livingthings alive.

Especially the chemical bond are also important thing because it will affect on our body and also the essential characteristic of water. Chemistry and biology are also connected each other.

chapter 1. Themes in the study of life.

Q. what is the purpose of studying biology?
- All livings and non living things connect each other so that out biosphere is cycling. Biology is the important to learn even though I am not going to be a scientist or whatever careers that requires biology. Because since we (human) are also the part of the biosphere and living things, I guess study of life is very essential.

Q.what is the definition of life (in my word)?

- I was going to answer this question during the class as the definitions of life in my word and my thought is "right this moment" but the book's definition is "Life is recognized by what living things do."

Q. what is the characteristics of living things?
- Living things must follow some characteristics; however these characteristics do not necessary to appear to every single living thing.

oder

regulation

evolutionary adaptaion
growth and development

energy processing

response to the environment

reproduction

5 facts
1. Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy; therefore we all affect each other and make perfect environment to live together.
2. Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life; we can see the similarity from our common ancestors but also by the evolution, we changed and make diversity.
3. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. There are all reasons to be made of some certain forms. Evolution had affected our structure and we had been changed by environment or other effects in order to survive and reductively well.
4. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function; we divided many other living things into Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell.
5. The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA; there are only 4 things made of, but because of order of arrangement, my gene and your gene are different and I am separated from butterfly. This is also explanation of unity and diversity.



- This picture is about the levels of biological organization. This is showing the levels and when the level is higher, the new characteristic is appeared so that the low level could not have it. Everything is started from Molecules and when molecules are gathering and make organelles. One molelcule could not have done manythings but once it gathers around, it makes organelles eventually. (emergent properties)

ten relevant key terms

1. Emergent properties are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
2. Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.
3. Homeostasis is the tendency of a system, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus tending to disturb its normal condition or function.
4. Energy conversion: the exchange of energy between an organism and its surrounding often involves the transformation of one form of energy to another.
5. Genome is entire arrangement of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
6. Natural selection: the all the living things develop to survive from their predators over the time.
7. Inquiry: a search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.
- Discovering science (descriptive science): mostly about describing nature.
- Hypothesis-based science: explaining nature.
8. Controlled experiment is designed to compare an experimental group
9. Theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis and general enough to spin off many new, specific hypotheses that can be tested.
10. Data: recorded observation; items of information on which scientific inquiry is based.
- Qualitative: form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.
- Quantitative: generally recorded as measurements

video - natural selection -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcjgWov7mTM

summary chapter 1

This introduction chapter briefly shows me the important concept of biology. Everything cannot explain without evolution due to evolution, our biosphere is distinguished by a lot of species and kingdoms. Emergent properties are also important themes.
Looking at one small unit, there is no special power to affect our life, but when small things gather together appears new characteristic and able to do more things than as it single part. Such as gene are made of only 4 letter of information but when they are together and ordered differently in many way they can be the information of our essential system.Theory is bigger and more general idea than hypothesis.