chapter 5. the structure and function of large biological molecules

Q. what are the names of the members of the pyrimidine family and purines family?

pyrimidine - Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
purines - Adenine, and Guanine.

Q. what are polymer and monomer?

simply, monomer is smaller miolecules which serves to build polymer
polymer is repeating unit which has a lot of monomer

Q. what are the macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipid, polypeptides and nucleic acid

five facts
1. polysaccharides serve as storage material; plants store starch and including humans, most animal have enzymes that can hydrolyze the plant starch.
2. cellulose is enable to digest for some animals include human, it is because starch and cellulose are geometric isomers.
3. the reasone for some fat is liquid form at the room temperature is they have double bonds instead of fully hydrogen atoms.
4.amino acid has carboxyl and amino groups, and all amino acids share a common structure.
5. two amino acids are bonded by dehydration reacion and peptide bond.

All proteins share three superimoposed levles of structure.

Primary structure is just the same as big chain of sequence of amino acid.
Secondary structure is due to hydrogen bonds the primary structure is coiled or folded.
Tertiary structure is superimposingon the patterne of secondary structure.
Quaternary structure is many tertiary structures aggregated as one functional macromolecule.




ten key terms
1.Monosaccharides generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O. The molecule has a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl group.
2.Saturated fats: at room temperature, the molecules of a saturated fat forming a solid.
3.Unsaturated fat: at room temperature, the molecules of an unsaturated fat such as this olive oil cannot pack together closely enough to solidify because of the kinks in some of their fatty acid hydrocarbon chains.
4.Polypeptides are called polymers of amino.
5.Amino acid is organic molecules possessiong both carboxyl and amino groups
6.Peptide bond is when two amino acids join together by a dehydration reaction.
7.Ester linkage is a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.
8.Fatty acid : attatching to the carboxyl groupd is long hydrocarbon chain
9.Protein consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
10.Hydrophobic interaction is as a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with water.


video - the video of protein folding
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swEc_sUVz5I

summary

there are macromolecule which our body must have ; which are carbohydrate, lipid, polypeptides and nucleic acid. first, carbohydrate is sugar and polysaccharide is used for storing energy in our body or living things. Lipid is not true polymer but essential to have especially for the membrane layer (next chaper) phospholipid has two fatty acids with negatively charged phospahate.
polypeptide is polymer of amino acid and protein does a lot of things such as supproting stroing and moving etc. there is four level of protein structures. the protein can be deformed by surroudning and it called denaturation.
gene determines the order of polypeptide's amino acid and gene consist of DNA, a ploymer belonging to the calss of compounds known as nucleic acids. DNA carried the imformation from your partens.